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1.A large triangle is cut by two lines from its top corner into three small triangles side by side. How many triangles of any size appear in the picture?[4]
Text description of the figure
A large triangle with two straight lines drawn from its top vertex down to the base, dividing it into three small triangles side by side.
A3
B4
C5
D6
E9
2.Small cubes are stacked in a corner as shown. Some are hidden from view. How many small cubes are there altogether?[4]
Text description of the figure
A stack of unit cubes in a corner, three layers tall. The bottom layer is a 3 by 3 square of 9 cubes, the middle layer is a 2 by 2 square of 4 cubes sitting on one corner of it, and the top layer is a single cube.
A9
B10
C14
D18
E27
3.A password is one letter from A, B, C followed by two digits from 1 to 5. Digits may repeat. How many passwords are possible?[4]
A13
B30
C60
D75
E125
4.How many 2 by 2 squares fit on a 4 by 4 board, if they must line up with the grid?[4]
A4
B6
C8
D9
E16
5.A coin is tossed three times. In how many of the possible outcomes are there exactly two heads?[4]
A2
B3
C4
D6
E8
6.In a class of 30, 18 play football and 14 play chess. 6 play both. How many play neither?[4]
A2
B4
C8
D10
E26
7.How many different four-letter arrangements can be made from the letters of the word MATH, using each letter once?[4]
A4
B12
C16
D24
E256
8.Two students are chosen from a group of six to represent the class. How many different pairs are possible?[4]
A12
B15
C21
D30
E36
9.In how many ways can 7 be written as the sum of two different whole numbers bigger than zero? Swapping the order does not make a new way.[4]
A3
B4
C6
D7
E12
10.In a class of 30 students, 18 play football and 15 play chess. Exactly 7 students do both. How many students play neither?[4]
A4
B26
C3
D11
E7
11.A club has 8 members. In how many ways can a group of 3 be chosen to attend a conference, if the three places are all the same?[4]
A56
B336
C24
D112
E28
12.A committee of 4 must be formed from 5 boys and 4 girls, and it must contain exactly 2 boys and 2 girls. How many different committees are possible?[4]
A60
B126
C20
D240
E40
13.Each of the four edges of a square is painted either black or white. Two paintings count as the same if one can be rotated onto the other. How many genuinely different paintings are there?[4]
A6
B16
C4
D8
E5
Kangaroo Atlas · https://kangaroo-atlas.vercel.app · seed 1 · CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 · Independent project, not affiliated with Math Kangaroo in USA, NFP.
Answer key — Math Kangaroo practice
Each wrong choice carries the thinking that produces it. When a student picks C, this is what they were doing.
1.D — 6KA-0003Counting shapes hidden inside a figure
AI counted only the three small triangles I could see as separate cells and stopped there.
BI counted the three small triangles and added the whole big one, but forgot the two made of two cells.
CI found the three small ones and one pair, but missed the second pair of neighbouring triangles.
EI assumed every choice of two of the four lines would make a triangle, without checking each one.
2.C — 14KA-0009Counting cubes in a stack, including hidden ones
AI counted only the cubes on the bottom layer and treated the rest as decoration.
BI counted only the cubes whose faces I could actually see in the drawing.
DI assumed every layer was a full 3 by 3 square and multiplied 9 by 2 for two layers.
EI assumed the stack was a solid 3 by 3 by 3 block because it sits in a corner.
3.D — 75KA-0023The multiplication principle
AI added the number of options at each step instead of multiplying them.
BI treated the two digits as one choice of ten rather than two independent choices of five.
CI assumed the two digits had to be different, so I used 5 times 4 for them.
EI used 5 choices for the letter position as well, forgetting there are only three letters.
4.D — 9KA-0046Counting by position (sliding window)
AI cut the board into four separate 2 by 2 blocks instead of sliding the square one step at a time.
BI counted the three sliding positions along the top and doubled them for two rows.
CI counted the positions along the top row and down the left column and added them.
EI counted the sixteen small squares on the board rather than the 2 by 2 squares.
5.B — 3KA-0068Tree diagrams
AI read the two in exactly two heads as the answer rather than as a condition to count.
CI counted the outcomes with two or more heads, so I included the three-head one as well.
DI counted the orderings of three different objects instead of listing the eight outcomes.
EI gave the total number of possible outcomes rather than the number with exactly two heads.
6.B — 4KA-0069Inclusion–exclusion with two sets
AI added 18 and 14 without removing the overlap, then subtracted from 30.
CI subtracted the 6 who play both twice instead of once.
DI subtracted only the footballers from the class and forgot the chess players entirely.
EI found how many play at least one sport and gave that instead of how many play neither.
7.D — 24KA-0073Arrangements of a few objects
AI counted the letters rather than their arrangements.
BI multiplied 4 by 3 and stopped, forgetting the last two positions.
CI used 4 choices for every position, as if letters could repeat.
EI used 4 choices in each of four positions, which allows every letter to repeat.
8.B — 15KA-0074Selections of a few objects
AI doubled the group size instead of counting pairs.
CI allowed a student to be paired with themselves, adding six impossible pairs.
DI counted each pair twice, once in each order, and forgot to halve.
EI multiplied 6 by 6, counting every ordered pair including a student with themselves.
9.A — 3KA-0076Casework
BI included 0 and 7 as a pair, even though both numbers have to be bigger than zero.
CI counted both orders of each pair, even though swapping does not make a new way.
DI counted every starting number from 1 to 7 without checking which pairs repeat.
EI counted both orders and also allowed pairs of equal numbers.
10.A — 4KA-0154Inclusion–exclusion with two sets
BI found how many students play at least one of the two and answered with that instead.
CI added 18 and 15 to get 33, subtracted the 30 in the class, and used the 3 left over.
DI removed the 7 from both groups and subtracted 11 and 8 from 30, taking the overlap away twice.
EI answered with the number who play both, which is what the question gave me rather than what it asked for.
11.A — 56KA-0163Selections of a few objects
BI counted ordered selections, so I counted the same three people once for every order they could stand in.
CI multiplied the 8 members by the 3 places, which counts something quite different from a selection.
DI divided the 336 ordered selections by 3 instead of by 3 factorial.
EI chose 2 people rather than 3.
12.A — 60KA-0172Selections of a few objects
BI chose any 4 from all 9 people and ignored the two-and-two requirement.
CI added the two counts instead of multiplying them.
DI treated the choices as ordered, counting the same committee several times.
EI used 5 x 4 x 2 or a similar shortcut rather than counting each selection properly.
13.A — 6KA-0173Counting up to symmetry
BI counted every colouring of the four edges and forgot that rotations make some of them identical.
CI divided 16 by 4, but that only works when no painting is left unchanged by a rotation, and some are.
DI halved 16, treating only the 180 degree turn as a symmetry.
EI listed by how many edges are black but forgot that two black edges can be adjacent or opposite.