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1.Red and blue counters are in the ratio 3 to 5. There are 40 counters altogether. How many are red?[4]
A5
B8
C13
D15
E24
2.A square of side 10 has a smaller square of side 4 cut out of one corner. What is the area of the shape that remains?[4]
Text description of the figure
A large square of side 10 with a smaller square of side 4 removed from its top-right corner, leaving an L-shaped region shaded.
A36
B60
C84
D96
E100
3.The mean of five numbers is 12. One of the numbers is removed and the mean of the remaining four is 11. What number was removed?[4]
A1
B11
C12
D16
E23
4.A flag shape is rotated a quarter turn clockwise about its bottom-left corner. Which of the descriptions matches the result?[4]
Text description of the figure
A flag shape drawn as an upright pole with a small triangle attached to the top right of the pole, standing on a marked corner point at the bottom of the pole.
Athe pole points right and the triangle is below it
Bthe pole points right and the triangle is above it
Cthe pole points left and the triangle is above it
Dthe pole points down and the triangle is to the left
Ethe pole points up and the triangle is on the left
5.A photograph is enlarged so that each side becomes 3 times as long. How many times bigger is its area?[4]
A3 times
B6 times
C9 times
D12 times
E27 times
6.What is 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 100?[4]
A1275
B2450
C2500
D2550
E5100
7.The mean of four numbers is 9. Three of them are 5, 8 and 12. What is the fourth?[4]
A9
B10
C11
D12
E13
8.In a class of 30, 18 play football and 14 play chess. 6 play both. How many play neither?[4]
A2
B4
C8
D10
E26
9.How many different four-letter arrangements can be made from the letters of the word MATH, using each letter once?[4]
A4
B12
C16
D24
E256
10.Two students are chosen from a group of six to represent the class. How many different pairs are possible?[4]
A12
B15
C21
D30
E36
11.Two similar triangles have areas of 9 and 25 square units. A side of the smaller one is 6 units. How long is the matching side of the larger one?[4]
A8
B10
C12
D15
E18
12.A number is doubled, then 6 is added, then the result is halved. The answer is 11. What was the original number?[4]
A4
B8
C11
D16
E22
13.Dots are arranged in triangles: 1 dot, then 3, then 6, then 10, and so on. How many dots does the tenth triangle have?[4]
A36
B45
C55
D66
E100
14.A mother is 32 and her child is 8. In how many years will the mother be exactly three times as old as the child?[4]
A2
B4
C8
D12
E24
15.Everyone at a meeting shakes hands with everyone else exactly once. There are 66 handshakes in total. How many people are there?[4]
A11
B12
C22
D33
E66
16.Which of these numbers has exactly 6 different whole-number factors, counting 1 and the number itself?[4]
A12
B15
C16
D25
E27
17.A rectangle measures 30 cm by 0.4 m. What is its area in square centimetres?[4]
A0.12
B12
C120
D1200
E12000
18.Two circles touch on the outside. One has a radius of 3 cm and the other a radius of 5 cm. How many centimetres apart are their centres?[4]
A2
B4
C8
D15
E16
19.What is the smaller angle between the hands of a clock at exactly 4 o'clock?[4]
A30
B60
C90
D120
E240
20.What is the units digit of 3 multiplied by itself 100 times, that is 3 to the power 100?[4]
A1
B3
C7
D9
Eit cannot be found without a calculator
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Answer key — Math Kangaroo practice
Each wrong choice carries the thinking that produces it. When a student picks C, this is what they were doing.
1.D — 15KA-0024Ratio as parts of a whole
AI found what one part is worth and gave that as my answer instead of multiplying it back up.
BI divided 40 by the five blue parts instead of by the eight parts that make the whole.
CI read the ratio 3 to 5 as meaning 3 out of every 5 and worked from that.
EI found the value of one part correctly but then multiplied by 5 instead of 3, giving the blue counters.
2.C — 84KA-0027Area by subtraction (shaded regions)
AI gave the area of the square that was cut out instead of the area that remains.
BI subtracted the side length of the small square from the area of the big one.
DI subtracted 4 rather than the small square's area of 16.
EI gave the area of the whole square and forgot that a piece had been removed.
3.D — 16KA-0033Means, and working backwards from a mean
AI subtracted the two means from each other and gave the difference as the removed number.
BI assumed the removed number must be the new mean, since the mean dropped to 11.
CI assumed removing a number equal to the old mean is what changes the mean.
EI added the two totals instead of subtracting one from the other.
4.A — the pole points right and the triangle is below itKA-0039Reflections, rotations, translations
BI turned the pole the right way but kept the triangle on the side it started on.
CI turned the shape anticlockwise instead of clockwise.
DI turned the shape half a turn instead of a quarter turn.
EI reflected the shape in a vertical line instead of rotating it.
5.C — 9 timesKA-0042Scaling and similar figures
AI applied the length scale factor straight to the area.
BI doubled the scale factor because area involves two dimensions, instead of squaring it.
DI multiplied the scale factor by four, as though area scaled with the number of sides.
EI cubed the scale factor, which is the rule for volume rather than area.
6.D — 2550KA-0058Clever regrouping (pair to round numbers)
AI found the sum of 1 to 50 and forgot that every term here is twice as big.
BI used 49 pairs instead of 25, losing one pair from the count.
CI estimated the answer as a round number rather than pairing properly.
EI paired the terms but forgot that pairing counts every number twice, so I never halved.
7.C — 11KA-0066Means, and working backwards from a mean
AI assumed the missing number must be the mean itself.
BI averaged the three known numbers instead of working from the total.
DI repeated one of the numbers already given rather than computing the missing one.
EI used a total of 37 instead of 36, adding the mean in once too often.
8.B — 4KA-0069Inclusion–exclusion with two sets
AI added 18 and 14 without removing the overlap, then subtracted from 30.
CI subtracted the 6 who play both twice instead of once.
DI subtracted only the footballers from the class and forgot the chess players entirely.
EI found how many play at least one sport and gave that instead of how many play neither.
9.D — 24KA-0073Arrangements of a few objects
AI counted the letters rather than their arrangements.
BI multiplied 4 by 3 and stopped, forgetting the last two positions.
CI used 4 choices for every position, as if letters could repeat.
EI used 4 choices in each of four positions, which allows every letter to repeat.
10.B — 15KA-0074Selections of a few objects
AI doubled the group size instead of counting pairs.
CI allowed a student to be paired with themselves, adding six impossible pairs.
DI counted each pair twice, once in each order, and forgot to halve.
EI multiplied 6 by 6, counting every ordered pair including a student with themselves.
11.B — 10KA-0087Scaling and similar figures
AI added the difference between the areas' square roots to the side rather than multiplying by their ratio.
CI doubled the side because the larger area is roughly double the smaller.
DI used the ratio of the areas as if it were the ratio of the lengths, then adjusted.
EI multiplied the side by the ratio of the areas divided by three, mixing up which ratio applies to lengths.
12.B — 8KA-0100Working backwards
AI undid the operations in the order they were written instead of in reverse order.
CI gave the final answer back, assuming the three steps cancelled each other out.
DI doubled the 11 and subtracted the 6 but forgot the final halving that undoes the doubling.
EI undid only the halving and stopped there without touching the other two steps.
13.C — 55KA-0107Growth patterns and figurate numbers
AI stopped at the eighth triangle, losing count while adding the rows.
BI gave the ninth triangle instead of the tenth, being one row short.
DI gave the eleventh triangle, adding one row too many.
EI squared the position number, which describes square patterns rather than triangular ones.
14.B — 4KA-0111Age problems
AI aged only the child and left the mother's age unchanged.
CI looked for when the mother is four times as old rather than three times.
DI used the age difference of 24 and halved it, without checking the ratio it gives.
EI gave the difference between their ages, which never changes, instead of a number of years.
15.B — 12KA-0121Try small cases first
AI used the number of hands each person shakes rather than the number of people.
CI doubled the answer, forgetting that the halving has already been done.
DI halved 66 and treated that as the number of people.
EI gave the number of handshakes back as the number of people.
16.A — 12KA-0122Back-solve from the answer choices
BI assumed a number with two different prime factors always has six factors.
CI counted the factors of 16 as six by including a number twice.
DI assumed a square number has six factors without listing them.
EI counted the powers of 3 up to 27 and thought there were six of them.
17.D — 1200KA-0128Check units and re-read before bubbling
AI worked entirely in metres and gave the answer in square metres.
BI multiplied 30 by 0.4 without converting the metres to centimetres at all.
CI converted 0.4 m to 4 cm rather than 40 cm.
EI converted 0.4 m to 400 cm, moving the decimal point one place too far.
18.C — 8KA-0147Circles: radius, diameter, and touching circles
AI subtracted the radii, which is the answer when one circle sits inside the other.
BI averaged the two radii instead of adding them.
DI multiplied the radii together rather than adding them.
EI added the two diameters instead of the two radii.
19.D — 120KA-0148Clock geometry: hands, angles, times
AI gave the angle for a single hour mark rather than the four marks between the hands.
BI counted two hour marks instead of four.
CI assumed any gap of a few hours is a right angle, as it is at three o'clock.
EI measured the angle the long way round the clock face instead of the smaller one.
20.A — 1KA-0149Last-digit behavior of products and powers
BI assumed every power of 3 ends in 3.
CI found the cycle 3, 9, 7, 1 but counted its positions from zero, landing one step early.
DI used a remainder of 2 instead of 0 when dividing 100 by the cycle length of 4.
EI assumed a number this large has no reachable last digit, rather than looking for a repeat.